Introduce
A.D. 1356, bright red yuans of jade tablet capture and collect celebrating(Nanjing) ,Change the name in conformity with the self-sufficient and strategically located region. The ones that adopted adviser s bright red and promoted and put forward in 1357 It is high to build the wall, wide and accumulate the grain, proclaim oneself king slowly Suggestion,order to last city, and until if you can t found a capital, proclaim oneself emperor here to 1368 year, can t set up by reign of Ming Dynasties big.
Nanjing was established in Yuan Dynasty to capital to (1366) in 26 years in the Ming Dynasty In August, complete (1386) in big military 19 years of Ming Dynasty In December, lasts 20 years and 4 months, it is the largest, most characteristic period on the urban development history of Nanjing. The intersection of Nanjing and capital that build Ming Dynasty, Cheng, imperial city, capital, 4 city walls Guo outside Gong.
Extant Nanjing city wall, it is the third city wall in the Ming Dynasty -The capital, the east of its draws near Zhong Mount, the south is according to Qin the Huaihe River, the west is according to the stone (namely clear Liangshan, stone city) ,Lake (namely the XuanWu lake) after accusing of in the north ,Forgive the intersection of grandson and the intersection of stone and city, six dynasty of Wu build the intersection of health and capital, south the intersection of Tang and the intersection of Nanjing and the intersection of office and city not merely, Lion Rock, the intersection of chicken coop and mountain, cover Zhoushan, rich and powerful mountain, Maan Mountain all mountains of in the north outside the south the intersection of Tang and capital, enclose entering it in the city completely, having formed in the three function districts, the military district expanded with the northwestern part of original residential block, shopping center and city in the south in the middle part of newly-built emperor s urban area, city of the east of namely the city.
Nanjing city wall is 33.676 -km-long, the height is generally up to 25 meters in the highest point among 14- 21 meters; Upper the intersection of width and 7- 12, the intersection of city and the intersection of base and 10- 18 of width. There are crenels (crenelation) along the city 13616, high canopy (fort) 200, resist the using of the enemy. While first building in the city tomorrow, will open 13 city gates together, namely Zhengyangmen (door of brilliance of today, one original certificates, one of monthly city) , open to help door (original four the intersection of certificate and 4) , gather the intersection of treasure and door (today the intersection of Chinese and door, have door 4 of certificate) Three the intersection of mountain and door (today the intersection of water and west door, original the intersection of door and four of certificate, on the right water imprison one) , stone city gate (Chinese west door of today, there are two door certificates) , clear Jiangmen (the cool door of today) , book the Huaihe River door, appearance phoenix s door (the door while revitalizing today, two of original water hole under the city) , clock mound door, basin Sichuan door, supernatural scheme door (today Hepingmen, there are two door certificates) Emergency exit, Chaoyangmen (today the intersection of Zhongshan and door, original ink imprison one under the city) . The Scholars is recorded three mountains gather the treasure to face openly and cross a river, Zhenyang has a southern exposure and makes peace, nearly clock mounds in Jinchuan of supernatural scheme , the appearance phoenix fixes clear Shicheng of the Huaihe River ,It is the order of arranging 13 city gates of capital in counterclockwise direction. Opened the plump door (the profound military door of today) in 1909 successively after opening up the meadow door in last years of Qing Dynasty ,Opened the door of imperial tomb of sea (Yi Jiangmen of today) in 1921 ,Drive rain spend door 1926, turn on military to make door 1929, turn on the intersection of Hanzhong and door and new the intersection of the people and door 1931, turn on the central door in 1933, opened and liberated the door in 1952, established nine doors newly altogether. But the city gate only gathered treasure door, stone city gate, supernatural scheme door, Chaoyangmen (rebuild) in the extant Ming Dynasty With five such as the cool door. The newly opened city gate after the latter stage of Qing Dynasty, only store the profound military door, Yi Jiangmen, liberate the door and newly opened collection of 1991 to celebrate four such as the door too. The wall body structure of Nanjing city wall is divided into wall base, wall body, three levels of crenelation.
The majority of city wall take long 1 about, 0.7 meter wide, thick meter of granite or strip stone writings foundations of limestone first, the huge brick used for using the rule to be whole and unified again above is (generally 0.4 meters long, 0.2 meters wide, 0.1 meters thick) ,Build two walls and tops while building, daily garrulous brick, gravel and loess are tamped ring upon ring between internal and external walls, two walls are finally all built from carrying by laying bricks or stones with the bulk strip stone in a lot of important locations, or two walls are built by laying bricks or stones with the strip stone, all built of brick in the middle. The whole wall fetches the trapezoid to pile up, leave widely and have narrowly, in order to keep the equilibrium steady; The city brick builds the canine tooth connection of each layer by laying bricks or stones to tooth, increase internal pulling force; The basic bottom of city wall, generally deepen 2- 5 meters under the ground, foot is wider than the city wall by 1- 2 meters at the bottom, in order to guarantee the wall base of the city is firm. In the top of the city wall and internal and external two walls of bricks are sewn, all water a kind of insert the thick liquid ,Use the lime, polished glutinous rice juice (or high fruit juice) Or in addition the tung oil was admixed, solidified, glued and put forth effort to be very strong, kept the wall body prolonged and non- bad. Wall serve the purpose brick spread ground and build crenelation, place to let out the gutter by discharging the rainwater stone engraving. The wall base some interval sets up the water drainage hole, in order to get rid of the water accumulation inside the city wall.
For guarantee capital s security, come in and go out in the office of city wall in Qin Huaihe River, each build one water valve, Towers every three gate,in front and at the back of two dishes is for sluice,there are for iron railings fixed on the middle, namely the east water of the south segment of Qin Huaihe River is closed and closed with the west water today. For lighten city wall, conduct oneself with dignity across river, east ink imprison 33 arches, divide into three layers together, unless it is middle and upper like on city door opening two layers, lower floor flowing water,hole among them can ships coherent, project organization science. In addition, set up floodgate and emergency exit floodgate of military temple at the place where the profound military lake water enter the city, the previous lake water enters the city and sets up the floodgate of Mid-levels garden, pipa lake water enter the intersection of city and, set up the intersection of pipa and floodgate, southeast protect the city river enter the city place and have the copper heart and manage the floodgate, every floodgate places copper tube or copper Ling, can enter water but can t enter people, the design is very ingenious. Have enemy s floors on 13 city gates, and set up the wooden city gate, one respectively of very heavy floodgate, as a means of defending. The city gate of the important position, still set up an urn city counted, gather treasure, open helping, three mountain three doors and increase three urns city respectively, the stone city gate increases two urns city. Each increase an urn city in Chaoyangmen and supernatural scheme door. There are only south gates namely Chinese doors (gather the treasure door) of Nanjing city wall in the extant urn city ,The firmest in all city gates. The castle things are 118 wide. 57 meters, it is 128 meters deep that enter in the north and south, high 20. 45 meters, the whole area is up to 15163 square meters. There is a main city in the castle, three urns city, set up four city gates and four very heavy floodgates together, two pedal one and a horse one in the city. There are 27 holes of army of Tibet in all inside the castle, can hide a soldier more than 3000 people in wartime. The top of the castle has one building of enemy in Wu top of the palace of layers of eaves originally, are for the crack to look, cherish and is destroyed at the end of 1937 by the artillery fire of the Japanese aggressor troop.
The huge brick that Nanjing city wall uses, the quantity is great, quality is high. The reign of Ming Dynasty has mobilized the Ministry of worker of Nanjing, 33 offices of five provinces such as Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu of defending and the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River of capital of a country garrison three, 9 states, 148 counties and 5 towns are responsible for, transported to Nanjing by the waterway. In order to check quality, the reign of Ming Dynasty must print and make brick craftsman and supervises and make officers name on the fixed city brick, date that make at some print still, one it acts as city bricks fired to find to be defective in quality, investigate responsibility immediately, until helling to pay. So the city brick quality is very good, the ones that deducted are clear and melodious and sound so far.